ACQUISITION OF ENGLISH [D] BY KHOWAR LEARNERS

Abstract

This study examines the acquisition of the English alveolar stop [d] by Khowar-speaking learners, focusing on phonetic substitution patterns influenced by their native language. Using acoustical analysis and Voice Onset Time (VOT) measurements, it compares the production of [d] by Pakistan-based and foreign-based Khowar speakers. Findings indicate that Pakistan-based learners substitute [d] with a retroflex or dental-alveolar plosive due to L1 influence, while foreign-based learners show improved acquisition. The study highlights the role of exposure to native English input in shaping pronunciation accuracy and confirms that L1 phonetic inventory constrains L2 sound category formation, aligning with Flege’s Speech Learning Model.