تصوف: مفہوم، تاریخی ارتقاء اور سلاسل کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Sufism: A Conceptual, Historical, and Analytical Study of Its Major Orders

Abstract

Sufism, the spiritual dimension of Islam, has been a significant movement within the Muslim world, deeply influencing religious thought, ethics, and social behavior. This study explores the conceptual foundations, historical evolution, and prominent Sufi orders in the context of Islamic tradition. The paper begins by defining Sufism both linguistically and terminologically, emphasizing its roots in Qur'anic values, prophetic practices, and early ascetic movements. The research then divides the historical development of Sufism into major chronological phases: the period of simple asceticism in the early Islamic centuries, the institutionalization of Sufi thought in the medieval period, and the widespread establishment of Sufi orders (ṭarīqahs). Each phase is analyzed in terms of its doctrinal development, key figures, and social impact. A special focus is placed on well-known Sufi orders such as the Qādiriyyah, Chishtiyyah, Naqshbandiyyah, and Suhrawardiyyah. Their distinct teachings, spiritual methodologies, and regional influence—especially in the Indian subcontinent—are examined. The study also reflects on the continuing relevance of Sufism in the contemporary era as a source of inner purification, ethical reform, and interfaith harmony. Through a qualitative and descriptive methodology, this research contributes to a clearer understanding of Sufism as an integral part of Islamic intellectual and spiritual history.