INTERGENERATIONAL CODE-SWITCHING PATTERNS AMONG PAKISTANI BILINGUAL SPEAKERS

Abstract

This study examines how people switch between languages across generations among bilingual speakers in Pakistan, paying special attention to the differences in how younger and older people who are non-native English speakers. Code-switching is a substantial sociolinguistic phenomenon that presents how people use language proficiently, convey their identity, and respond to socially varied contexts. The research looks into how variances between generations influence how frequently people switch between languages and what objectives that switching serves in everyday discussions. The study was carried out with 45 to 50 participants from both younger and older age groups in Tehsil Quaidabad, District Khushab. Data from spontaneous group conversations indicated that younger individuals frequently switch languages for style, group identity, and technology influence, while older individuals primarily use it for practical communication. Exposure to education, media, and technology significantly affects code-switching behaviors, illustrating its impact on bilingual communication in Pakistan. The findings aim to enhance sociolinguistic research and inform language policy, education, and workplace communication in a multilingual context.