The Psychology of Radicalization: A Process Model Analysis of Fatima Bhutto's The Runaways

Abstract

The present study explores the psychological journey of the major characters towards the radicalization process in Fatima Bhutto's novel The Runaways. It focuses on the mechanical group behaviors of these characters during the whole process. The study uses John Horgan's process model of terrorism as a theoretical framework for the analysis of these major characters. It outlines three stages of radicalization: becoming a terrorist, being a terrorist and disengagement. The study uses this model to interpret how psychological vulnerabilities of the major characters are exploited and transformed within the context of jihad. Methodologically, the study is qualitative in nature while employing textual analysis through close-reading and narrative interpretation. It focuses on psychological cues, symbols, characters monologue and interaction that reflect their psychological transformation. The findings suggest that Bhutto's novel portrays radicalization as a process rooted in psychological reasons, rather than political or religious motives. This process begins with emotional dissatisfaction and personal confusion, where individuals experience isolation, invisibility and identity crisis. Then, this inner conflict grows deeper and consequently Anita Rose and Sunny become increasingly vulnerable to alternative ideologies that offer them a belonging or purpose. It also explores the role of human ideologues and role figures who manipulate these individuals for recruitment or make a way for their radicalization. Extremist groups provide a sense of self-hood and new identity to fractured individuals. In the next stage, these individuals adopt new roles and absorb radical identities where they derive meaning in symbolic transformation and structured belief systems. Moreover, the process moves toward disillusionment or disengagement, often marked by inner conflict, emotional fatigue, or shifting group dynamics. Finally, the findings suggest that radicalization of the jihadists is a complex emotional journey, where psychological needs are exploited, redefined, and ritualized within extremist context. By treating fiction as a site of psychological inquiry, this study provides a fresh and emotionally grounded perspective to the study of radicalization.